Teaching of Listening J. C. Richards

Teaching listening and speaking skill has become vital to learning a second language. Listening was thought of as a mastery of skills, such as identifying key words are recogniing reduce words, It then became bottom-up and top-down, followed by prior knowledge and schema.

2 views: listening as comprehension and listening as acquisition.
LISTENING AS COMPREHENSION: Is based on the main function of listening in second language learnirng is to facilitate understanding of spoken discourse.
 Comprehension is the process of decoding.
Teaching Bottom-up

• Retain input while it is being processed
• Recogniing word and clause divisions
• Recognie key transitions in a discourse
• Recognie grammatical relation between key elements in sentences
• Use stress and intonation to identify word and sentence function
• Identify sequence markers
• Identify key words
• Distiguish between positive and negative statements.

Teaching top-down

• Use key words to construct schema
• Infer the setting of the text
• Infer the role of the participants and their goals
• Infer cause and effect
• Infer unstated details of a situation
• Anticipate questions related to the topic or situation.

3 functions of speaking

Talk interaction: primaly a social function. focus is on the speaker, not the message.( small talk, personal experiences)

Talk as Transaction: focus on what is said or done. The message is #1 (problem-solving activities, asking for directions). role play, Small group activities

Talk as performance: Public speaking, form of monolog, mimics writen language. (examples of speeches)